Part I • The Promise of Peace, the Problems of War
Chapter 1 • The Meanings of Peace
Positive and Negative Peace
A Final Note on the Meanings of Peace
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 2 • Peace Studies, Peace Education, and Peace Research
Peace Studies, War Studies, and Peace and Conflict Studies
The Dimensions of Peace and Conflict Studies
Some Contributions of PCS
A Final Note on Peace and Conflict Studies, Education, and Research
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 3 • The Meaning of War
The Frequency and Intensity of Wars
Cutting-Edge Military Technologies
Has Technology Made War Obsolete?
Wars, Empires, Colonialism, and National Liberation
The Desirability of Peace Versus Justifications for Wars
Political Ideologies and Militarism
The Nature and Functions of Conflict
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 4 • Terrorism and Counterterrorism: A War Without End?
What Is Terrorism? Who Are Terrorists?
A Brief History of Terrorism: From Above and From Below
Terrorism and the Middle East
The Official Terrorism Industry
The Global War on Terrorism
The Victims and Perpetrators of Global Terrorism and Counterterrorism
A Final Note on Terrorism
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 5 • Nuclear Weapons
The Nature of Nuclear Weapons
Strategic Doctrine: Deterrence
How a Nuclear War Could Start
A Final Note on Nuclear Weapons
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Part II • The Causes of Wars
Chapter 6 • The Individual Level
Aggression, Drives, and Instincts
Sociobiology and Evolutionary Psychology
Freudian and Post-Freudian Psychoanalytic Perspectives
Prejudice, Images of the Enemy, and Human Needs
Attributions and Projection
Dehumanization, Altruism, and Reconciliation
Some Issues in Nuclear Psychology
A Final Note on Individual-Level Explanations of Wars
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 7 • The Group Level
Functions of Nontechnological Wars
Characteristics of Premodern Wars
Alternatives to Traditional, Premodern Warfare
Underlying Group Processes
Brief Conclusion on Premodern and Nontechnological Warfare
Nations, States, Ethnic Groups, and Nationalism
A Brief History of Nationalist Wars
Types of Nationalist Wars
Nationalist Threats to States
Racial and Cultural Intolerance
Nationalism and the Public Mood
Nationalism and Political Ideology 186 World War I: Ideology Loses to Nationalism
The Question of “National Character”
A Final Note on Nationalism and Ethnocentrism
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 8 • The State Level
Realpolitik and Raisons d’État
A Final Note on War and States
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 9 • The Decision-Making Level
Some Issues Regarding Perception and Cognition
A Final Note on Decision Making
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 10 • The Ideological, Social, and Economic Levels
Population Pressure and Other Social Stresses
Poverty as a Cause of War
The Military-Industrial Complex
The Economic Effects of Wars
The Effects of Military Spending
Cultural Conflicts and the “Clash of Civilizations”
A Final Note on the Complex Causes of War
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Part III • Building “Negative Peace”
Chapter 11 • Peace Movements
Popular Attitudes Toward Peace
Attention, Success, and Failure
Historical and Current Perceptions of War
History and Taxonomy of Peace Movements
Interconnections Between Peace and Other Social Movements
Some Internal Debates Within Peace Movements
Some Criticisms of Peace Movements
Maintaining the Momentum of Peace Movements
A Final Note on Peace Movements
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 12 • Diplomacy, Negotiations, and Conflict Resolution
Conflict: A Brief Overview
A Brief History of Diplomacy
Diplomacy and Military Force
Diplomacy and Realpolitik
Negotiating Techniques for Resolving Conflict
Methods of Integrative Bargaining
Additional Negotiating Techniques
A Final Note on Conflict Resolution
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 13 • Disarmament and Arms Control
Different Visions of Disarmament
A Brief History of Disarmament
The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
Some Conventional Arms-Control Efforts
Pitfalls of Arms Control Agreements
Benefits and Methods of Achieving Arms Control Agreements
A Final Note on Disarmament and Arms Control
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 14 • International Cooperation
Limitations on the UN’s Use of Force
Other Functions of the United Nations
Intergovernmental Organizations
A Brief History of Plans for World Government
Pros and Cons of World Government
The Dream of World Government: A Waste of Time?
The Prospects for World Government
The Uniting of the United States of America: A Rehearsal for a Global Federal System?
Trans-Governmental Movements
A Final Note on International Cooperation
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 15 • Peace Through Strength?
Problems With Balance of Power
National Security via Military Force
Appeasement, Provocation, and Deterrence
A Final Note on Peace Through Strength
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 16 • International Law
The Sources of International Law
Enforcement of International Law
The Conflict Between International Law and State Sovereignty
Hidden Strengths of International Law
A Final Note on International Law
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 17 • Ethical and Religious Perspectives
A Two-Sided View of Killing
Religious Attitudes Toward War
A Final Note on Ethics and Religion
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Part IV • Building "Positive Peace"
Chapter 18 • Human Rights
A Brief History of Human Rights
Some Human Rights Controversies
The Legal Status of Human Rights
Human Rights and the Nation-State
Competing Conceptions of Human Rights
The Responsibility to Protect
Human Rights Violations Under Authoritarian Regimes
A Final Note on Human Rights
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 19 • Environmental Well-Being
Enhanced Environmental Awareness
The Environment and National Security
The Tragedy of the Commons
Some Major Environmental Problems
Some Environmental Principles
Struggling for Sustainability
A Final Note on Ecological Well-Being
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 20 • The Climate Crisis
Causes of Global Climate Change
Some Skeptical Questions Regarding Climate Science and Some Replies to Them
Indirect Consequences of Global Heating
What Can We Expect in the Future?
Technology to the Rescue?
A Final Note on the Climate Crisis
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 21 • Economic Well-Being
Socioeconomic Development
Ethics, Equity, and a Bit of History
Measuring Wealth, Poverty, and Income Inequality
The Demographic-Economic-Environmental Trap
A Final Note on Economic Well-Being
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 22 • Democracy
A Brief Modern History of Democratization
The Arab Spring: A “Fifth Wave” That Largely Failed
The Democracy “Recession”
Can Democracy Be Exported? Should It Be?
A Final Note on Movements Toward Democracy
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 23 • National Reconciliation
Altruism, Aggression, and Reconciliation in Nonhuman Primates
Truth and Reconciliation Commissions
The Opposite of Reconciliation
TRC Downsides and Caveats
A Final Note on National Reconciliation
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 24 • Nonviolence
Nonviolent Peace Theorists and Theories
Gandhian Nonviolence in Theory and Practice
Martin Luther King Jr. and the US Civil Rights Movement
Some Nonviolent Successes
Does Nonviolence “Work”? If So, Why?
Prospects for Nonviolence
A Final Note on Nonviolence
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 25 • The Coronavirus Pandemic: Catastrophe, Wake-Up Call, or Both?
Local and Domestic Consequences
Possible Origins of the Pandemic and Human/Animal Interdependency
More Cooperation or Less?
Altered Political Realities, for Better and Worse
Science and Public Health
A Final Note on the Coronavirus Pandemic
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 26 • The Personal and the Political
Transformations of Self and Society
A Final Note on Transformation and the Future
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
